Between Fiction and Falsehood: The Ethics of Lying in the Sagas of Icelanders

Authors

  • Brian McMahon Somerville College, Oxford

Abstract

This paper discusses a series of episodes from the Sagas of Icelanders in which one character attempts to deceive another. In each case the presentation of the incident is explored to establish whether the deception can be justified according to the internal ethics of the semi-fictionalised Saga Age depicted. On the basis of these examples, drawn from a range of sagas but with a particular emphasis on Grettis saga and Njáls saga, it goes on to argue that the saga authors consistently distinguish between the ethical justification for different attempts to deceive based on: the circumstances in which they take place, the degree to which they might be described as audacious, and the level of success which their instigators enjoy. It posits a distinction between “active” deception (incorporating slander, oath-breaking and níð) and “passive” deception (entrapping an interlocutor into deceiving himself), and concludes with a comparison of the saga hero's skill in bending the truth and the saga author's attempt to be truthful to his source material while 

Resumé: Cet article traite d'une série d'épisodes des Sagas d'Islandais dans laquelle un personnage tente de tromper un autre. Dans chaque cas, la présentation de l'incident est explorée pour établir si la tromperie peut être justifiée en fonction de l'éthique interne de l'Age Saga semi-fictionnalisé représenté. Sur la base de ces exemples, tirés d'une série de sagas mais avec un accent particulier sur Grettis saga et Njáls saga, il continue à soutenir que les auteurs de saga distinguent systématiquement la justification éthique des différentes tentatives de tromper sur la base de: dans lequel ils ont lieu, le degré auquel ils peuvent être appellés audacieux, et le niveau de succès dont jouissent leurs instigateurs. Il pose une distinction entre la tromperie “active” (qui incorpore la calomnie, la rupture de serment et le níð) et la tromperie “passive” (piéger un interlocuteur pour faire une erreur) et conclut par une comparaison de l'habileté du héros de la saga à plier la vérité avec l'habileté de l'auteur d'être fidèle à son matériel source tout en soutenant l'intérêt de son lecteur.

 

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References

Bibliographical references:

Primary sources:

HALLDÓRSSON, Jóhannes (Ed.). Gunnars saga Keldugnúpsfífls. Reykjavík: Hið Íslenzka Fornritafélag 14, 1959.

HALLDÓRSSON, Ólafur (Ed.). Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1958-2000.

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VILMUNDARSON, Þórhallur and VLIHJÁLMSSON, Vlihjálmsson (Eds.). Harðar saga. Reykjavík: Hið Íslenzka Fornritafélag 13, 1991.

VILMUNDARSON, Þórhallur and VLIHJÁLMSSON, Vlihjálmsson (Eds.). Þorskfirðinga saga. Reykjavík: Hið Íslenzka Fornritafélag 13, 1991.

ÞÓRÓLFSSON, Björn K. and JÓNSONN, Guðni (Eds). Gísla saga Súrssonar. Reykjavík: Hið Íslenzka Fornritafélag 6, 1943.

Secondary sources:

BIBIRE, Paul. “On Reading the Icelandic Sagas: Approaches to Old Icelandic Texts”. In: Beverly Ballin Smith, Simon Taylor and Gareth Williams (Eds.). West Over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian sea-borne expansion and settlement before 1300 - a festschrift in honour of Dr. Barbara E. Crawford. Leiden: Brill, 2007, pp.1-18.

DE LOOZE, Laurence. “The Outlaw Poet, The Poetic Outlaw: Self-Consciousness in Grettis saga Ásmundarsonar”. Arkiv för nordisk filologi, 1991, 106, pp.85-103.

HEUSLER, Andreas. “Einleitung.” Die Geschichte vom weisen Njal. Jena: Eugen Diederichs, 1922.

MILLER, William Ian. Why is your Axe Bloody?: A reading of Njáls saga. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

TAYLOR, Paul Beekman. “Wielders and Welders of Words: Bare Lies and Garnished Truths in Njáls saga”. In: Rudolf Simek, Jónas Kristjánsson and Hans Bekker-Nielsen (Eds.). Sagnaskemmtun: Studies in Honour of Hermann Pálsson. Vienna: Hermann Böhlaus Nachf, 1986, pp.287-96.

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Published

2018-12-01

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Articles (Free Article Section)